Communicable Diseases

monkeypox Introduction In recent years, monkeypox has emerged as a topic of global health interest, drawing attention from medical professionals and the public alike.  This rare viral disease, first identified in the late 1950s, has seen a resurgence in certain regions, prompting a need for increased awareness and understanding.  As a zoonotic virus, monkeypox can be transmitted from animals to humans, making it a concern for both public health and wildlife conservation.  In this article, we delve into the essentials of monkeypox, exploring its origins, transmission, symptoms, and preventive measures. Overview Monkeypox is caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the variola virus responsible for smallpox.  Although similar to smallpox, monkeypox is generally less severe. The disease is endemic to Central and West Africa, with sporadic outbreaks reported in other parts of the world.  Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected

Rheumatoid Arthritis Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, leading to inflammation, pain, and stiffness. Unlike osteoarthritis, which is a degenerative condition caused by wear and tear, RA occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium, the lining of the joints. This article explores the nature of rheumatoid arthritis, its symptoms, and the various treatment options available to manage the condition effectively. Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by an overactive immune response that causes inflammation in the joints. This can lead to joint damage and functional impairment over time. RA can also affect other systems in the body, including the skin, eyes, lungs, and heart, making it a systemic condition. Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis The symptoms of RA can vary widely among individuals but commonly include: Joint Pain and Swelling: Often symmetrical, affecting both sides of the body. Stiffness: Pa